Aprendiendo Estructura de Datos Como En Primaria Free Essays

PROGRAMACION EN LENGUAJE PASCAL Subtemas : Estructuras de Control de Programas Profesor : Braulio Barrios – Marzo de 2009 ESTRUCTURAS DE CONTROL DE PROGRAMAS EN PASCAL Como hemos dicho en clase, PASCAL es un lenguaje de programacion ESTRUCTURADO, por tal razon, provee sentencias para cada una de las primitivas de la Programacion Estructurada, y son las siguientes: 1. – ESTRUCTURA CONDICIONAL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE O SENCILLO †¦ IF Expresion THEN Begin Sentencia1; Sentencia2; . . We will write a custom essay sample on Aprendiendo Estructura de Datos Como En Primaria or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sentencia N; End; ================== CONDICIONAL DOBLE †¦ IF Expresion THEN Begin Sentencia1; Sentencia2; . Sentencia N; End ELSE Begin (* Observe que NO se escribe ‘ ; ‘ Antes del ELSE *) Sentencia A; Sentencia B; . . Sentencia Z; End; ================== CONDICIONAL ANIDADO †¦ IF Expresion1 THEN Begin IF Expresion2 THEN Begin IF Expresion3 THEN Begin Sentencia1; Sentencia2; . . Sentencia N; End; End; End; 2. – ESTRUCTURAS DE CONTROL REPETITIVAS Permiten que el control del programa itere (repita) un proceso varias veces segun se requiera. Son Tres (3) las estructuras repetitivas que provee PASCAL: Repeat For, While, CICLO FOR †¦ FOR Asignacion TO Valor Final DO Begin Sentencia1; Sentencia2; . Sentencia N; End; CICLO WHILE †¦ WHILE Expresion DO Begin Sentencia1; Sentencia2; . . Sentencia N; Modificar expresion End; CICLO REPEAT †¦ REPEAT (* Observe que no require BEGIN †¦ END *) Sentencia1; Sentencia2; . . Sentencia N; Modificar expresion UNTIL (Expresion); Quiero ilustrar el uso de ciclos repetitivos en PASCAL para lo cual resolveremos el siguiente ejercicio: Escriba un programa que permita mostrar en pantalla la tabla de multiplicar del 5, asi: 5 5 5 X 1 = 5 X 2 = 10 X 3 = 15 Algoritmo1: (usando ciclo FOR) TABLA1 1 HASTA 10 Haga PARA I Escriba( â€Å" 5 X â€Å", I , â€Å" =†, 5*I) FIN PARA FIN TABLA1 Programa Pascal PROGRAM Tabla1; (* Resuelve el problema utilizando un ciclo repetitivo FOR *) USES Wincrt; VAR I : Integer; BEGIN Clrscr; gotoxy(20,5); WRITE (‘ TABLA DE MULTIPLICAR DEL 5 ‘); FOR I : = 1 TO 10 DO BEGIN WRITELN(‘ 5 X ‘, I, ‘ = ‘, 5 * i); END; gotoxy(20,20); WRITE (‘Pulse ENTER para terminar); READKEY; END. Algoritmo2: (usando ciclo WHILE) TABLA2 I 1 MQ I 10); (* Si lo desea puede omitir los parentesis *) (* Tenga en cuenta que UNTIL significa ‘HASTA’ y No ‘MIENTRAS’ *) gotoxy(20,20); WRITE (‘Pulse ENTER para terminar); READKEY; END. How to cite Aprendiendo Estructura de Datos Como En Primaria, Papers

Electricity Crisis

Question: Nepal is facing an ongoing electricity crisis. Explain. Answer: Nepal is facing an ongoing electricity crisis. The country's internal demands were not being fulfilled. The country has a potential to generate over 83000 MW of electricity from hydropower based plants (Ghiglino and Shell 2000). But currently, only about 750 MW is being generated owing to the technological and economic restrictions and lack of technical know how to implement the full power potential. Due to a shortage of full potential power, the country faced problems of load-shedding. The power outage in places for over hours impacted the daily functioning and lifestyle of the people. The sector that was more affected is the medical infrastructure (Medical infrastructure 2010). To overcome this crucial connectivity problem, the Nepal Electricity Authority in the association of Chilime Hydropower Company Limited decided to set up the Chilime Hydropower project (Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Kingdom of Nepal for management reforms and efficiency i mprovements for the Nepal Electricity Authority 2000). The project was to be set up in Rasuwa district. The type of the project would be "run of the river" type of hydroelectric plant. The dam which is 3.25m wide and 13 meters in length was constructed on the Bhote Kosi River. The plant is placed of 133 kilometers far from the national capital of Kathmandu. The plant was the first hydropower project in the country that was entirely funded by the public (Currie 2011). After being commissioned into service, the plant generated 22.1 MegaWatt of power per month. The plant was commissioned on August 25, 2013. The Chilime Hydropower Company was incorporated in 1995, and the construction started from the month of April 2006. Construction of the project finished after seven years. The annual production of the plant is 132.918 Giga Watt Hours. The total cost of the project was valued at 35 million dollars. The Chilime Hydropower Company Limited had a permanent objective throughout its tenure of inception and completion of the plant. Its aims were to utilize resources optimally within the country. The stakeholders of the project are Nepal Electricity Authority having equity of 51 percent, the Federal Government of Nepal, the people of the district of Rasuwa and the general public (Phillips and Freeman 2010). The people of Rasuwa had a stake of 10 percent in the project. The Chilime Hydropower Company Limited sells the electricity it produces to the NEA at PPA price. The plant has highly advanced state of the art machinery which generates 13.8 percent more power than anticipated during the monsoon season. While the company was installing machinery, the technical consultants emphasized the need to install hydraulic machinery, which would increase the lifetime of the main production equipments (Technical training: a job for the specialist consultants 2006). Till date, since the plant started production, apart from minor servicing of equipment, the need for major repairs ne ver arose. The secondary objective of the company, since its inception, has been to empower the local community and improve their quality of life, to create a competitive market, and to maximize the wealth of shareholders and produce good returns on their investments (Adamek 2001). Broad spectrum objective of the project The primary goal of the plant is to provide and increase the reliability of the country's power grid. The main focus is to reduce dependability on foreign powers for energy imports. There is the impetus to reduce the carbon footprint of the country from electricity generation from conventional coal-based non-renewable plants. There is considerable focus on developing the potential of Chilime Hydropower Company Limited in raking up its efforts to produce electricity to its full potential (Stratis and Salvesen 2002). The other impetus is on driving the local economy of the region in a manner which is both sustainable and ecologically viable. The secondary objective is to minimize the energy crisis being faced by the country. The tertiary objective of the project is to do minimum harm to the ecology of the environment as possible (Hynes 2008). Project summary and detailed analysis of promised objectives Chilime Hydropower Company Limited (CHCL) had been successful in setting a benchmark of a company offering hydropower and has proven Nepal's worth in developing and operating hydropower plants efficiently and all by itself (COPESTAKE 2006). The company has been successful in proving that Government backed, and aided projects can be efficient and profit-making as well. The company has been able to fulfill its promise and currently generates 22.1 MW of electricity. The annual production rate has surpassed 130 GWh capacities and now producing 132.918 GWh of electricity. The efficient machinery and servicing of existing equipment have garnered increased production of 13 per cent of electricity during the monsoon season. So the company has been able to integrate the central power grid of NEA with its individual output and aided in producing the required available capacity to sustain profit making opportunities. As the secondary objective of developing the region's infrastructure is concer ned; if one visits Rasuwa district, it would be immediately imminent that the project had been able to garner a lot of local support and enthusiasm. One will find people enthusiastically discussing the plant when asked about CHCL. People in the district are so proud to be part of the project that they can be seen boasting of their towns modern amenities and superior connectivity (Study looks at integrated aluminium and hydropower project 2009). The CHCL had spent a considerable sum of money in holistically developing the local infrastructure. The project had garnered a lot of support from the local communities, who were initially reluctant in parting with their cultivated lands. The CHCL had to displace 62 families who had lost their livelihood due to the construction of the plant on their family tilling the land. The CHCL had compensated the families and brought the land at twice the market rate for the bereaved families. Now excluding the compensation amount paid by CHCL, the pers ons displaced had been inducted into the plant as employees. So the company had been able to fulfill its promise of developing the region's infrastructure. The tertiary objective of damaging as little of the environment as possible while undertaking construction of the project has also been taken proper care of. The engineers overseeing the construction of the dam over the river Bhote Kosi undertook the challenge to run a proper Environmental Impact Assessment, although the results were skewed, they undertook another EIA and came up with satisfactory plans to do minimum damage to the local flora and fauna (Adamek 2001). While the plant was being constructed, they relocated the oldest trees of the proposed site to safer areas. Stakeholders analysis and their engagement The stakeholders of the power plant namely NEA (which has 51 per cent equity), employees of NEA and CHCL (who garners 25 percent of the equity), the general public (which has 14 per cent stake) and the residents of Rasuwa district has a stake of 10 per cent equity. The stakeholder's fund had been utilized and not abused as indicated in the audit reports over the years in the operation of the plant (KoÃÅ'ˆrner 1995). That is the first project in Nepal that was funded entirely by the public.The public has been reaping the harvest in stocks invested over the years. Gross income although has decreased in the last two fiscal years, which is mainly due to a decrease in the rate of interest. But sales had been increasing in the last two years. The stocks are expected to reap the harvest in the long run So, the utilization of resources of public funds were entirely justified. The general local population has been inducted into the plant which is a boon for the local economy and job pros pect of the youth of the region.The stakeholder's expectation and concerns were duly mitigated by the CHCL throughout the tenure of the project. The CHCL had set up grievance cells for all concerned bodies and had maintained full contact with the entire concerned stakeholders. Management of the scope and technique of the plan The process contains tools and techniques of Scope Management to ratify changes and draft policies of the plant, the engineers had drawn up Environmental Impact Assessment reports. The plant Management authorities had drawn up blueprints in coordinated efforts to redress the grievance in any section of the implementation of the project (Leach 2005). The objectives of the company and the plant were made in writing and made available to all sections of the concerned parties. The objectives were transparent and known to all personnel implementing the plant construction. These steps ensured coordinated efforts from all the stakeholders, and they were engaged in the process despite various challenges. Integration of various phases and components of the project lifecycle Like all projects, this power plant project had the current four lifecycle phases. The initiation phase was initiated by the Chilime Hydropower plant limited and NEA. They drafted key policies and carried out preliminary tests and surveys and jointly ratifies that they intended to make the best run hydropower project in the country (Means and Adams 2005).The second phase of planning saw coordinated efforts between governmental agencies and local public representatives coming together to work out a viable plan to set up the project. Detailed project reports were prepared and reviewed. After consideration of the DPR and the analysis of stakeholders, the Authorities gave a go ahead to the CHCL for building the Chilime Hydropower plant on the river Bhote Kosi.Execution phase saw engineers being drafted from reputed engineering companies with a worldwide presence. The local consultants joined hands with Chinese counterparts in overseeing the construction of the project. The project had fa ced uncertainties over land, labor and dangerous, inhospitable roads. The heavy monsoons coupled with landslides delayed the procurement of raw material and supplies. There was a further suspension of work due to the involvement of political parties in an unionized labor culture. The issue had to be resolved amicably by paying donations to the leaders to address the conflict. Overall, the project was delayed and was completed one year behind schedule (Ebeling et al. 2002).The closeout phase saw the plant being commissioned into service and the operation personnel entering the premise of exploitation. The production started on August 25, 2013, 7 years after it was initiated. Execution and implementation In this phase project manager deliver the physical project for signoff. The civil engineer started the construction work. This phase was very important for the project because this phase takes longer time period than other phase. This phase the project manager manage the time cost, quality and risks. The task were divided to the different team member for execution but there was a lack of coordination and communication between the project manager and engineer as well as the project manager and the sponsor of the project which delay the project by 2 years. The of construction work of a project were divided into different activities like construction of intake, Channel, fore bay tank, penstock, powerhouse and turbine.During execution the construction face the problem of budget for purchasing the material. During construction work poor geological condition delays in the tunnelling work due to poor rock quality. The project team was expected 62% good rocks and 38% poor rock at start but a ctual condition turned out to 80% poor rock and 20% good rock. To address these problem CHCL brought international tunnelling expert from china to accelerate the drilling tunnel which included change the previous methodology. Project faced the technical problem not in the tunnel but also experienced in the construction of power house due to land slide and wall collapsed occur. There was also unexpected challenges arise while installation and commission of the electro-mechanical equipment and the transmission line for evacuation of the power built by power grid was delayed. Closeout Even though the project was not completed on specified time and budget the project was able to complete the project and handover the project on August 2013 to Chilime Hydro Power Company limited. The Activities were completed by transferring the data, defect liability, commission and evaluation were done (Employer's liability (defective equipment). A bill to make further provision with respect to the liability of an employer for injury to his employee which is attributable to any defect in equipment provided by the employer for the purposes of the employer's business ; and for purposes connected with the matter aforesaid 2007). The company has paid all the remaining money to the construction company at the time of handover. Even though this project of Chilime Hydropower Company limited was completed late and over run the time and budget we can say this project is successful project of the Chilime Company and for the nation as well. This project contributed the development of the econ omic and social aspect of the local resident and nation people by supplying electricity and helps to minimize the loads heeding problem facing by Nepalese. This project is successful because this project generated 13.8% more MW electricity than the estimated (North West Midlands Joint Electricity Authority Provisional Order. A bill to confirm a provisional order made under section one of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1922, relating to the North West Midlands Joint Electricity Authority 2007). The financial position of this company is also sound and investor are getting higher investment return from this project. Overall we can called this project as a successful project for entire stakeholder and the nation.The main objective of this project is to generate 22.1 MW electricity power and supply to the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). The product is completed and deliver the product but project was over run and take more than 1 year time to complete than expected schedule due to proc urement, infrastructure facilities like unsuitable road, facing the problem from environment in monsoon season like landslide which block the vehicle to supply the material. Strike from trade union in the name of political parties, donation etc. delayed the project schedule which negatively effect on the budget and increases the cost of construction from AUD35 million to AUD40 million (Van Hanh 2002). After completion the project deliver the qualitative product to the general people and the sponsor and meet the requirement of the stakeholder. Although this project helps to increase the living standards of local people and minimizes the load shedding problem facing by Nepal it has negatively impact on environment which causes the land slide, earthquake, flooding etc. Chilime Hydropower Company limited provides around 3000 employment opportunities to the local people. The project has also invest money on local health and educational sector by construction 2 health post in the village and providing 5 ambulance to the local hospital. This project also funded the money on constructing the primary school for the villager which helps to increase the living standard of people. Currently NEA operates about 757 MW electricity which is lower than the actual demand. The current demand of the electricity is 950 MW. People of Nepal are facing the problem of daily load shedding which has negatively impact on socio- economic sector of Nepal. Therefore Chilime Hydroelectric plant has contributed 2.92% of total electricity operated by NEA to minimize the electricity crisis (Hydroelectric plant employs FRP pipes 2007). Hydropower project create a job opportunities and also helps for irrigation of land for economic development of the nation(Urban et al. 2012). Compare and contrasting of sources The sources of all information are from legitimate journal publications of Nepal Electricity Authority. All information cited in this literature has appeared in the Annual Report of NEA. Besides that, this literature can be used as a further guide of research on this project. This information regarding financial and production related terms appeared in the CHCL Annual Convention Report. This literature is conclusive in the nature that it has compared and contrasted varied literatures on the subject of Chinese Hydropower ambitions in occupied Tibet. The other relevant sources that were used as references were available at physical libraries across Nepal. Justification of overall outcome This project adversely affected the environmental sector of Rasuwa district resident. The construction of dam for this project cause land slide, earth quake. This also effect on the fertile land. The company had acquisition of 50 hectare of land from the local land by which they lose their farm and business. While construction work, the company made a 10 Km road for vehicle access to the site which need to cut the trees. Due to construction work people loss the forest and create the decline in crop and livestock. It adversely affect on social lifestyle of local people by displacement of which increases the deforestation(Shao, Li and Yuan 2012).The overall outcome from this project is satisfactory. The outcome rating is good on the basis of high sustainable achievement and high relevance of the project development and the efficiency robust the economic return and social development despite the overrun of time and budget.Lesion learnedThe following are key lesion learned from the proje ct are mentioned below: Coordination between the different stakeholder like NEA, CHCL, Construction Company and local resident is the key to managing the project challenges. It is essential to build the trust to the local community people through regular communication, coordination and interaction. Implementation, monitoring and controlling are difficult but very crucial for complex project like Hydropower. The challenges in project occur but there need to be system in place to ensure that other activities progress continuously even though the management are facing the other problem. Conclusion Chilime Hydropower Company Limited achieved the physical objective of the project with degree of success. Even though the project was completed 2 years late due to several reason like obstacle from the local resident, political parties, lack of material and equipment, strike from the trade union. Successful coming over the major construction difficulties was not possible without the open and innovate collaboration between the Chinese construction company, NEA and CHCL. The cost of the project increased to AUD35 million which is about AUD5 million more than estimated budget due to increase in raw material cost and delay in project schedule. Change in schedule affected the different activities of civil construction. At present the plant is running smoothly and company has not needed the major repair on plant. The plant is generating 13.8% more than the expected electricity on monsoon season. The financial position of the company is also sound. Investor are getting good return from thei r investment. The major emphasis of this project is provide electricity to the NEA to meet their internal power demand so that NEA can supply the electricity to the general public. CHCL operation plan for this project is fully based on computerized system of planning, executing and monitoring controlling of the plant operation and maintenances. The successful completion and operation of this project motivate the CHCL to construct the new hydroelectric project. Due to successful operation of this project CHCL are now constructing the Sanjen hydroelectric plant which is 42.5 and Sangen upper hydroelectric plant which is 14.8 MW capacity project in the name of Sister Company Sangen Jalavidut Company Limited. This project is expected to complete on December 2016. CHCL successful operation on Chilime hydroelectric plant provide the detailed planning, executing, monitoring and controlling operation carried out on Sangen project. References Nepal Electricity Authority 2016, Energy Sheet: History of Hydropower electricity, viewed 03 July 2016Shao, A., Li, Z. and Yuan, Y. 2012, Environmental Effect of Large-Scale Hydropower Project - A Case Study in Three-Gorge Project of China. AMM, 212-213, pp.1020-1024.Urban, F., Nordensvard, J., Khatri, D. and Wang, Y. 2012, An analysis of Chinas investment in the hydropower sector in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region. Environ Dev Sustain, 15(2), pp.301-324.Baar, J. and Jacobson, S. 2004, The Keys to Forecasting-#2 Work Breakdown Structure. American Association of Cost Engineers, 46(3), pp.12-14.Adamek, K. (2001). Numerical modelling of flow in systems of production machines and equipments. Letnany, Czech Republic: Information Centre for Aeronautics.COPESTAKE, P. (2006). Hydropower and environmental regulation - A Scottish perspective. Ibis, 148, pp.169-179.Currie, S. (2011). Hydropower. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press.Ebeling, R., Hall, R., Yule, D. and Chowdury, M. (2002). Seismic s tability of St. Stephen Hydropower Plant, South Carolina. [Vicksburg, Miss.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center.Employer's liability (defective equipment). A bill to make further provision with respect to the liability of an employer for injury to his employee which is attributable to any defect in equipment provided by the employer for the purposes of the employer's business ; and for purposes connected with the matter aforesaid. (2007). Cambridge [England]: Proquest LLC.Ghiglino, C. and Shell, K. (2000). The Economic Effects of Restrictions on Government Budget Deficits. Journal of Economic Theory, 94(1), pp.106-137.Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. (2005). Introduction to environmental impact assessment. London: Routledge.Hydroelectric plant employs FRP pipes. (2007). Reinforced Plastics, 51(9), p.6.Hynes, P. (2008). The electric power grid. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Cherry Lake Pub.KoÃÅ'ˆrner, M. (1995). Expenditure. [S.l.]: [s.n.].Leach, L. (2005). Critical chain project management. Boston: Artech House.Means, J. and Adams, T. (2005). Facilitating the project lifecycle. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Medical infrastructure. (2010). Washington: U.S. G.P.O.North West Midlands Joint Electricity Authority Provisional Order. A bill to confirm a provisional order made under section one of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1922, relating to the North West Midlands Joint Electricity Authority. (2007). Cambridge [England]: Proquest LLC.Phillips, R. and Freeman, R. (2010). Stakeholders. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Stratis, H. and Salvesen, B. (2002). The broad spectrum. London: Archetype.Study looks at integrated aluminium and hydropower project. (2009). Pump Industry Analyst, 2009(5), p.4.Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Kingdom of Nepal for management reforms and efficiency improvements for the Nepal Electricity Authority. (2000). [Manila, Philippines?]: Asian Development Bank.Technical training: a j ob for the specialist consultants. (2006). Strategic Direction, 22(4), pp.24-25.Van Hanh, N. (2002). Environmental protection and compensation costs for the Yali hydropower plant in Vietnam. Tanglin, Singapore: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia.

Eliminating Demonstrated Interest

The mission of Carnegie Mellon University includes the cultivation of a diverse community. All throughout our campus there are examples of this commitment though initiatives such as the recent creation of our Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion, among many others. With this responsibility in mind, our undergraduate admission process is shifting to focus more on diversity and inclusion of all populations by reducing or eliminating advantages that have been inherent in certain aspects of the admission process. The goal is to provide a more equitable, level playing field where all segments of our applicant population have the same opportunity in the admission process. Were eliminating demonstrated interest as a consideration in our admission paradigm. Well no longer encourage supplementary submission of materials, including resumes, research abstracts, writing samples, multimedia demonstrations of talents, and maker portfolios. Going forward, were no longer offering alumni interv iews in advance of admission decisions and are refocusing alumni efforts to connect with admitted candidates instead. Our on-campus interviews are no longer evaluative, but rather are counseling sessions to help students align their interests with our programs. Weve changed our long application essay to a series of short essays to better understand student context, unique talents and interests as well as special considerations which candidates would like to bring to our attention. Yet even with these impending changes, theres more work needed on our part to achieve a more inclusive process. Issues surrounding standardized testing, for example, are complex in a research university like ours, and while we’ve lessened our SAT subject test requirements we’re hoping there is more we can do. All told, were working hard to change our process in a more inclusive direction. Our changes extend to our waiting list process as well. Like many other institutions, we are inundated with demonstrations of continued interest and additional recommendations, mostly from well-resourced or well-advised applicants. Though we dont request any at all, students write letters of continued interest, send us more recommendations, send projects, visit our campus to make their case in person and also have anyone with any perceived influence make phone calls to lobby and advocate for them. Our waiting list process is designed to give everyone who is interested in remaining on our waiting list the opportunity to respond about their uniqueness by sending us a paragraph at the appropriate time, only when we know there are additional places to fill. No letters of continued interest, extra recommendations, expectation of campus visits, lobbying efforts †¦ nothing but a paragraph. Information about the paragraph is included in the information made available to all students off ered a place on our waiting list when admission decisions are rendered in March. Weve not provided the exact topic in advance since we have wanted to avoid having students work on it needlessly in the event we werent going to admit candidates from our waiting list. These are fairly significant changes for us. We’re learning that the journey to a more inclusive and equitable process that eliminates unfair advantage to some is certainly not convenient or easy. It’s uphill work †¦ but work worth doing. In honesty, we’re learning it may take many trials before ultimate success. We believe these changes are important steps to move our process toward eliminating unfair advantage and making it more inclusive and equitable for all. Michael Steidel Dean of Admission Carnegie Mellon University

Jay Leno Book Review essays

Jay Leno Book Review essays The book I read was "Leading With My Chin". The author is Bill Zehme. I enjoyed reading this book because of its excellent detail. I would definitely recommend this book to someone that is a Jay Leno fan or like to laugh a lot. This book talked about Jays past and all of the things he has accomplished in his long and fun filled life. It explained all the things that he did right and all the things that he did wrong. It talked about things that he would never say on television like his real name. I learned some things about him that I never knew. It also talked about his family and how he met his wife Mavi. He also talked about kids. And he said that he doesn't have any because he can't give them any attention. My cousin also has read half of the book and thoroughly enjoyed what he has read so far, and he is very anxious to finish the book. If I had to rate this book out of ten I would give it a nine because of its excellent details and humor. ...

Diseases among Elderly People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diseases among Elderly People - Essay Example thromboxane A2 that promotes a cascade of events leading ultimately to clot formation. Increased homocysteine levels affect the inner lining of the arterial wall, and thus have long been implicated in the causation of thrombosis (Scott, J. and Weir, D., 1996). In fact, increased homocysetine levels associated with syndrome of homocysteinuria are acknowledged to be a cause of intravascular thrombosis. It has been observed that plasma homocysteine is normally converted to methionine co-factored by folic acid correlates in the body. When this reaction is impaired due to deficiency of cobalamine; since cobalamine regulates folate metabolism, it is deranged leading to elevated homocysteine levels (Mayer, E.L., Jacobsen, D.W., and Robinson, K., 1996). High plasma homocysteine, thus, will predispose to increased thrombosis, although it is not yet known whether hyperhomocysteinaemia due to folic acid deficiency predisposes to thrombosis or alters its response to treatment (Welch, G.N. and Loscalzo, J., 1998). This proposal aims to study the effect of folic acid on the elderly in terms of risk of coronary artery disease as relevant to prevention of thrombosis in preexisting atherosclerotic heart disease in terms of incidence of myocardial infarction (Bots, M.L. et al., 1999).Increasingly, healthcare is focusing towards prevention of disease rather than treating it after the catastrophe happens. Coronary artery disease manifested by acute myocardial infraction is one of the most common diagnoses in developed countries throughout the world. The mortality rate of the disease is 30% with over half the patients expiring even before they are able to reach the hospital. Survival from a heart...Research nurses will screen the medical records and exclude patients who have a history of coronary heart diseases or patients who are taking drugs known to interfere with folic acid, or taking vitamin supplements containing folic acid. Patients will be eligible for inclusion if aged 65 years or more and if their medical histories include two or more of the following conditions: diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity or smoking. All eligible individuals will receive a letter from the hospital explaining the study, followed by a telephone call inviting them to attend the first visit and instructing them to fast from midnight the night before the visit. At the first visit, all baseline measurements will be taken. Research nurses will take general information, such as, name, age, sex, phone number, address, smoking history, marital status, socioeconomic factors, and the names and phone numbers of two or three friends or relatives who always know how to reach the participants. Drugs history including aspirin or other anticoagulants, antihypertensive, anti-angina, and lipid-lowering drugs will be reviewed. Study procedures will be explained to all subjects. Subjects who are unlikely to complete follow-up due to plans to move or due to disease likely to be fatal within 4 years, or unwilling to participate will be excluded from the study. Ethics: All subjects will be explained the study protocol, and a written informed consent will

Hume Of the Standard of Taste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hume Of the Standard of Taste - Essay Example In this essay, I first of all, purpose to discuss what Hume proposes to be the condition for beauty. Secondly, I will demonstrate how an object can be termed as either beautiful or not, based on the proposal. In addition, I will analyze the factors that motivated this proposal by Hume, and lastly, examine whether there is sufficient reason to support Hume’s proposal. What is the condition for being beautiful? Hume is of the opinion that for something to be beautiful, then it must be able to have durability, uniformity, and generality in admiration (I.XXIII.12-13). For example, an object that has been around for many generations and withstood the criticisms leveled against it can be said to be truly beautiful. However, an object that was once considered beautiful but has since faded into history cannot be termed as beautiful since it lacks durability. In as far as general admiration is concerned; a beautiful thing tends to gain appreciation from people of multiple cultures all over the world. From Hume’s point of view, the observer’s mind must be at an ideal state of serenity and free of external hindrances and prejudice, while judging the beauty of an object (I.XXIII.11). In addition, Hume states that the observer must also pay very close attention to the object by focusing all thought on the object in order to study its finer details (I.XXIII.11). How does a beautiful object differ from one that is not beautiful? At the outset, Hume seems to agree to the fact that the beauty of an object only lies in the eyes of the observer. For example, Hume writes that a man of sense in as far as arts are concerned is more likely to differ with a man who has no sense of art, concerning the beauty of an object (I.XXIII.23). Similarly, according to Hume, a young man is more likely to consider tender and affectionate images as more beautiful (I.XXIII.30). On the other hand, Hume writes that an old man may find beauty in philosophical and wise teachings tha t teach on the value of life (I.XXIII.30). In Hume’s opinion, beauty can only be achieved if the human mind is free of all internal obstructions and external hindrances. Drawing form these expressions, it is clear that Hume perceives beauty as not stemming from the qualities of an object, but by the capacity of the object to stir up certain sentiments in the observer. Hume gives the example of how two of Sancho’s kinsmen were asked to give their opinion regarding the excellence of a hogshead (I.XXIII.16). Everyone knew that the wine was of superior quality, yet, when the two men tasted it, although both agreed that it was good, one noted that there was a bit of leather taste in it, while the other one noted that there was a silver taste in the wine. Hume goes on to narrate that the two men were ridiculed for their judgment, yet when the hogshead was emptied, therein lay an old key tied ton a leather thong (I.XXIII.16). In reference to this example, it is clear that alt hough people may unanimously decide that something is beautiful; there are critics who may find flaws by carefully studying the object under observation. What is Hume’s motivation for his proposal on beauty? Firstly, Hume tends to draw his motivation for proposing that beauty is an effect on the mind from the fact that beauty is valued by everyone, while ugliness or deformity is usually a repulsive characteristic. Nonetheless, different people have different opinions regarding which objects are beautiful and which ones are not. Secondly, from Hume’

A Comparison of Young Goodman BrownandMy Kinsman, Major Molineux Essay

A Comparison of Young Goodman BrownandMy Kinsman, Major Molineux - Essay Example 171)†. It is certainly given an important place amongst all his works and the story itself can be seen as an allegory to represent the cultural changes which were coming to the country at the time the tale was written. The protagonist i.e. Robin, has to accept his loss of innocence and his coming of age much as the culture during Hawthorne’s time was undergoing changes. The change is also reflected in the world in which the story is set since everything appears to new and shining. Even the clothes of the common people are described as, â€Å"Embroidered garments of showy colors, enormous periwigs, gold-laced hats, and silver-hilted swords (Hawthorne, 1851, Pg. 1213)†. While the city streets had a modern culture, Robin was following the things he had learnt from his comparatively backwards environment. Hawthorne describes the contrast that Robin saw by saying, â€Å"Traveled youths, imitators of the European fine gentlemen of the period, trod jauntily along, half dancing to the fashionable tunes which they hummed, and making poor Robin ashamed of his quiet and natural gait (Hawthorne, 1851, Pg. 1213)†. This difference is only one of the ways that the journey pushes Robin into growing up and as discussed by Pearce (2001), â€Å"as we might expect in the case of a boy from the village wandering into Hogarths London, he is obliged to resist the entreaties of a lady of the evening (Pearce, 2001, Pg. 19)†. This representation of Robin in a place which is quite gaudy and more or less frightening is taken by Bermer (1981) to be a representation of all America since the country itself was trying to come to terms in â€Å"dealing with urbanization and industrialization (Bermer, 1981, Pg. 49).† Robin is quite taken by what he sees but is also in conflict since he is quite uncomfortable with the society he sees. In fact, this position of Robin becomes the primary message of the story and this idea is supported by by Herbert (1991) who says that, â€Å"My